Since posting Enabling the Interaction Publisher, I've done some more research on mashup builders.   I found a lot of excellent resources (see end of this post for a list), but felt that a summary of what's out there would be helpful (this is what I would have liked to see when I researched this).  Although lists of tools exist, I wasn't getting a sense of the overall space.  Note that I believe that mashup editors are only part of enabling the interaction publisher: the other parts being standardized access to data (particularly all data from one institution) and deeply embedding these types of tools in content management systems (for instance, using topic-driven templates already in your CMS to drive mashups that are driven by those topics). 

Some of the particular variables that are probably most relevant in what tool you should use for your particular application / situation:

• Is the expectation that you will quickly have a mashup, or that you are building out an infrastructure for your institution?  Does this need to be behind your firewall?  Do you need guaranteed uptime?  Basically, do you need this to be hosted (quick and easy, get-me-started-now) or will you build out and manage the infrastructure?
• Do you want the end result of your efforts to be another data feed, a map, or other types of user interactions like data grids?  What should the output be?
• What types of inputs do you need to pull: structured (if so, generic XML, or just RSS/atom specifically), unstructured (like web pages), or direct database connections?
• How are the mashups built?  Do you need totally non-technical people to create, or do you just need to support your power users?  What is the mashup building environment for building the feeds (create-a-flowchart like Yahoo Pipes and Microsoft Popfly?)? 
• What are the browser requirements for people to use / consume your mashups (for instance Microsoft Popfly requires both Silverlight and recent versions of just Firefox and IE)?  
• Can a mashup be embedded into an existing web page? I didn't find enough useful information on this to fill this out meaningfully in the table below, so perhaps this is something to add in the future.

Although I was hoping to put together a fuller spreadsheet of all the tools out there, I selected a subset that was either easy to start using or had very clear documentation (I used all to at least some extent but AquaLogic Pages).  At any rate, here's a brief (and admittedly incomplete) table comparing different mashup builders along the criteria listed above (please comment with any corrections/additions):

I found the easiest to use were Apatar, StrikeIron SOA Express for Excel, and Yahoo! Pipes (if you just want to play with something to get a feel for mashup editors, I'd recommend starting with these), although each is entirely different.  Although QEDwiki has a great intro video and appears to be able to do a lot, I got the least far actually using it.  Although I'm sure that someone that knows Dapper inside and out could create a feed from scraping pages, in practice I didn't manage to get it to do the two tests I tried (for example, in trying to scrape country pages from the World Bank site, it wouldn't let me since the different pages were coming from different domains although they were driven from the same CMS).  Popfly seemed interesting, but doesn't appear to be geared toward the enterprise and has very specific browser requirements.  That said, these were just initial impressions (and initial ease of use may be irrelevant for a particular application) -- the main purpose of this post was to put together the matrix above just getting a feel for the current overall state / scope of mashup editors. 

Here are some excellent resources on mashup editors:

• blog post: Mashups: Mashup Maker Smackdown
• Enterprise Web 2.0 blog
• Mashups category on Naked Open Source blog
• blog post: Why Mashups = (REST + ‘Traditional SOA’) * Web 2.0
• blog post: Mashup Business Models
• Programmable Web site

I've been thinking about and researching how an institution can share its data, documents, and other content.  Obviously your data and content is already exposed via the web, but providing the data in a more structured way allows more users (both internal and external) to manipulate the data in interesting ways, for example in mashups.  There seem to be a few ways to share data from an enterprise with a lot of content:

• Straight RSS/Atom.  Although straight RSS/Atom (with no custom extensions / namespaces) may not be that interesting, it's obviously a useful way to get your content out there.  Typically straight RSS/Atom is fairly time-based and might in effect show some history (news items like "John goes to work" and then "John goes home") rather than some state (like "John is now home"). 

• Common repositories / services such as Swivel and StrikeIron.   Rather than exposing your data/content directly to the outside world from your site/servers, you can use an intermediary.  Swivel allows users to create their own graphs on fata from either official sources or any user-supplied data.  StrikeIron is built into mashup editors like QEDwiki, and also has built an extension to Excel to call their services.  You probably would want to provide data to these services through an API of your own, but you could get started with Swivel for example by directly uploading the data. 
• Specialized XML formats for particular types of content.  Examples include OpenSearch for search results and SDMX for statistical data.  These specific XML formats both allow a level of sophistication for people specializing in your type of content and allows tools built for this type of data to consume it.  This fits in with the following item, which, for historical reasons may or may not be XML-based. 
  
• Institution-to-institution services.  Sometimes you need to provide a point-to-point interface with another institution.  In that case, you may need to support all sorts of unusual formats and delivery mechanisms.  Hopefully you could leverage your various systems' web services to just transform the data into the formats you need. 
• A common API that your institution follows across all types of content.   This one is the most interesting to me and one that I alluded to in my previous post on interaction publishing.  Especially if your institution has various repositories, one possible approach would be to slap up a page that has links to the different instructions for referencing each.  But, to make access as easy as possible, a common API with consistent parameters that can be queried against all systems would be preferable (for instance, queries such as "give me all your documents and data on Chad" via url requests like http://xml.example-domain.com/apis/type=docs,data&country=td).  Potentially the returned XML could be in a simple format such as RSS extended with a custom namespace (so that other tools such as Yahoo Pipes, and even feedreaders, could easily consume the data).
• Microformats.  Probably most useful to future browsers or other tools like the Firefox Operator extension (or for services that crawl sites such as Google), microformats allow you to just change your existing HTML a bit to expose very common types of data like address and calendar events.  For example, instead of your HTML having "100 Main Street, Anytown, USA" it would be marked up as "<div class="adr"> <div class="street-address">100 Main Street</div>, <span class="locality">Anytown</span>, <div class="country-name">USA</div></div>" and then define the CSS to show it as you wish.  For example (with sloppy CSS):
  
  100 Main Street

  Anytown,
  

  U.S.A.

  See how this page appears in Firefox Operator (also notice the tagspaces):

The following seemed noteworthy and interesting enough in 2007 to highlight (although most were not new in 2007):

• APIs and Mashups.Ever since the Google Maps API came out, web APIs appeared to have a lot of promise. This year this really seemed to take off, with more sites publishing APIs (see Programmable Web's list, although Programmable Web also notes that almost 50% of mashups are using Google Maps) and richer tools for using/mashing them (see Yahoo Pipes, Microsoft Popfly).
• Microformats. What a great idea: instead of waiting for a grand unified theory of the semantic web to totally transform websites, just make small changes to your existing markup to describe common, high-value information like locations and contact information. References: the book, microformats.org, wikipedia page on semantic web, the firefox Operator and Piggy Bank extensions, Can your website be your API?,and Bill Gates talking about microformats.
• Drupal. Drupal drives this site, and I have been especially impressed by its clean architecture for adding new features/modules and by the strong community supporting it (hence the clean as well as powerful out-of-the-box experience). I wasn't as impressed when I briefly played with Drupal a year or two ago, so I sense that Drupal really now has a critical mass behind it. References: my post about my first month using Drupal, the Drupal development book, and drupal.org.
• Sophisticated analytics for the masses. Although tools like Omniture SiteCatalyst are still more sophisticated and customizable, Google Analytics is really amazing, especially for a free tool: very nice user interface, sensible defaults, campaign tracking, user-defined dashboards, good reverse DNS lookup, and fast. See the Analytics Talk blog for more on Google Analytics.

I also see a lot of opportunities for improvement in 2008:

• Continued performance improvements. Ajax and more widespread javascript (such as pulldown/popup menus rather than having whole new pages load for many menus) has helped many sites speed up, but let's face it, in general using web sites is fairly slow. One example site that's particularly slow in the UI is Rhapsody, which I use every day but the performance has just got to improve (an aside: basic cellphone call quality still isn't at acceptable performance levels in my opinion, but they keep improving year by year). Hopefully Adobe AIR (previously Apollo) or some other runtime environment like it will help deploy applications that interact directly with local files and with less server trips for a dramatically faster experience for our usrs. Also see Yahoo's Exceptional Performance resources for ways to speed up existing pages.
• More sophisticated offshoring models. The naive view of offshoring goes something like this: if someone costs $X per hour in your country and $X/3 per hour in another country, then it would seem to obvious to give the work to the offshore resource. Sometimes this works. Highly repeatable tasks are the most obvious (for example call centers). Also, it often works when you can hand off a specifications document and then wait for the implementation, although this Wall Street Journal article (subscription required) on the outsourcing problems of the 787 points out interesting issues there too: like your outsources suppliers outsourcing to their own suppliers, quality control/process issues, and taking for granted expertise/background built inside Boeing when handing off to suppliers. If the task isn't highly repeatable or very tightly specified, then the overhead of communications/management is very high. I would also expect that places that are currently considered "offshore" will be developing innovative products themselves (see this blog post: State of Innovation in India).
• Improvements in single sign on and passwords. If I go to Amazon and then B&H now, I have to log on twice. Worse, if I go to very small sites I have to create a separate username/password (it's one thing to trust Amazon with my password, but why should I trust a very small site with that information?). I plan on adding OpenID for accounts on to this site, and I would encourage others to add it to theirs (many platforms such as Drupal now support this). OpenID allows the user to decide who they trust to keep/authorize their account information (notably password) and you chose what information to give to different sites. Once you log in once, you don't need to provide your password again when you go to a site using OpenID. Hopefully at least smaller sites will start adopting OpenID, but it would be great if this was adopted by larger players as well. I'm still hoping for a replacement of passwords entirely, perhaps by graphical methods, (how archaic is remembering a bunch of passwords, or, worse, if you force users to use "strong" passwords and change them a lot, then they'll just write them down?), but at least reducing the number of accounts you have would help.
• Mashup building for the masses. Although APIs and mashups have taken a big stride forward, I hope to see some standardization in APIs and enhanced mashup editors that allow less technical people to create their own interesting (not only with maps!) mashups. See my Enabling the Interaction Publisher post.

New sites with dynamic, interactive functionality using data from different sources and allowing the user to interact with the data are exciting to see (examples: geo.worldbank.org and carma.org). But how do we unleash this functionality so that non-programmers can create interaction like this? We have content management systems that allow more people to easily add content to sites. But I think we should be driving toward an environment where users can a) take data from a variety of sources and b) create interactive sites based on this data. Maps are the most prominent example, but interactive tables are also important. Let's review where we are now:

• We have sites already applying Google maps and other interactive functionality to various data sources (examples above).
• Programmers have resources/examples/documentation for creating these types of sites (see Programmable Web for example).
• Various APIs have been exposed for interacting and using data (examples).
• We have tools like Yahoo Pipes that allow advanced users (probably not needing full-blown programmer skills) to create mashups. That said Yahoo Pipes is now focused on consuming/dealing with RSS feeds (the Fetch Data Module is supposed to more general XML, I had problems getting it to do so -- if you look at examples using DC crime data, you see it's RSS with some customization). In addition, this is a hosted solution, so you're at the mercy of Yahoo if you host a mashup with them (I noted Yahoo Pipes having problems accessing feeds intermittently even in my brief testing).
• There are probably other similar examples of specialized tools, but I know of Swivel, which allows you to create your own graphs of data.

Here are the types of interactive functionality that I think we should be allowing non-programmers (let's call these folks "Interaction Publisher", riffing off the role of "Content Publisher") to create:

• Interactive data tables. Interaction Publisher should be able to point at one (or multiple) data source, and indicate which columns/attributes to display in a table. The Interaction Publisher should also indicate which attributes should be selectable (in pulldowns for example) be the end user. Of course some theming / design and annotation should be possible.
• Interactive maps. Interaction Publisher should be able to point at a data source, the attributes containing the locations, and what data to show for each location (along with the extent of the default map and formatting). Also, please can we get rid of the points / waypoints / circles that indicate arbitrary points that are used to indicate data for a large area (for example, a pointer to the capital for a country), and instead highlight the whole area (for example, the whole country). Ideally the Interaction Publisher will be able to indicate further interaction with the map (for example, displaying different layers of a map -- if not full-blown layers, then at least indicating different sets of waypoints to display).
• Custom data. The Interaction Publisher should also be able to easily publish their own data/content, and pull their data into an interactive feature (for instance, this could even be a simple search on a little database / resource center the user has). An extension of this would be including some mechanism for overriding other data sources data points (of course this should somehow be indicated on the map/table so it isn't misleading).
• Wizard-like functionality. The Interaction Publisher should not have to resort to XPATH, XSL, or programming in PHP / Perl / whatever.

Sounds nice -- but how would this be possible? One possible step is for institutions to expose their data in a consistent manner (at least each institution exposing its own data in consistently). This would involve something of a meta-API, where you are consistent about:

• Attributes that can be queried. Perhaps the list would be just topics and countries, for example. The topics lists should be something that the outside world will understand rather than an organization-centric list. If you have multiple topics lists, then it would be preferable if all systems were moved to a single topics list (even if that meant two topics lists per system).
• Simplicity and consistency in APIs. Perhaps all your XML APIs are at http://xml.example-domain.com/apis/ (with an html page just listing all the APIs there) and then APIs to different systems like http://xml.example-domain.com/api/documents and http://xml.example-domain.com/api/web with example calls like http://xml.example-domain.com/api/web/api-version=1&topic=agriculture.
• Consistent exposure of non-standard attributes. The issue of consistent query parameters was covered above -- this means that all systems are queried on the same parameters. But of course some systems will need to provide other attributes (such as, say, "Population"). This could be done in a custom namespace in RSS as the DC crime data (see xml) does in its Atom feed (which Yahoo Pipes, for example, can consume). This could be documented, and the consumer of the data could handle this.
• Custom databases would also preferably comply. Perhaps there could be an http://xml.example-domain.com/api/core/ for institutionally, centrally supported repositories and http://xml.example-domain.com/api/special/ for one-off databases. This would still allow easy access of data by Interaction Publishers.

Some potential ways of inching toward the goal of the non-developer Interaction Designer easily being able to publish dynamic, interactive features would be:

• Start by using javascript libraries. There are several javascript libraries out there (examples: Dojo, mootools, Prototype / Scriptalicious), but most seem to be too low-level (concentrating on opening/closing panels, transitions, and the like) to be useful for interactive data features. Possibly a library that has higher level features including interactive table such as EXT JS could be used as a first step. It would require touching some code, but perhaps a CMS, for example, could include in its documentation with code snippets indicating what needs to be replaced (for example, where to put in the url to the source XML).
• Create some simple wizards in CMSes. So that we aren't relying on, for example, Yahoo Pipes for hosting our interaction, we may wish to start including simple wizards in our CMSes. For example, one could be for interactive tables that just had one data source and three columns.
• Push for stronger hosted interactive feature builders. For example, Yahoo Pipes perhaps could include some of the features mentioned in this email (for example, a tool for creating interactive maps, or a tool for creating a pulldown of options to drive a Google map.

Here's a little chart displaying some of the ideas in this post (also see pdf version):

I'd really like your comments on this post. Specifically:

• Is the role of Interaction Publisher important?
• How could we enable this role?
• What ideas above do you think would work and which would not work?
• Is their a need for a separate generic standard XML from RSS feeds, or should an institution's RSS just be extended to include custom portions?